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1. 1 2022-06-08T20:26:49+00:00 hjdewaard c6c8628c72182a103f1a39a3b1e6de4bc774ea06 OEP: Open Pedagogy hjdewaard 24 defines and describes open pedagogical concepts plain 2023-08-13T19:54:41+00:00 hjdewaard c6c8628c72182a103f1a39a3b1e6de4bc774ea06
2. 1 2022-06-08T20:18:07+00:00 hjdewaard c6c8628c72182a103f1a39a3b1e6de4bc774ea06 Open Education hjdewaard 23 defines and describes open education as framed by OER, OEP and OEM within K-12+ contexts plain 217 2023-10-01T12:31:43+00:00 hjdewaard c6c8628c72182a103f1a39a3b1e6de4bc774ea06

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• 1 2022-06-08T20:26:49+00:00 OEP: Open Pedagogy 24 defines and describes open pedagogical concepts plain 2023-08-13T19:54:41+00:00 Open educational pedagogy (OEP) is often conflated or confused with conceptions of open educational practices (OEPr). 
  Finding the edges of the concept of OEP helped clarify the conception of OEPr that was essential to my research. While neither 'open' or 'pedagogy' requires the use of digital technologies, the constraint I applied included the condition of electronic or digitally enabled web-based tools and resources. The use of OER is not a required condition within this conception of OEP, but making use of OER that are licensed for remix and reuse are often considered part of a pedagogical design. For this research, I considered open pedagogies (OEP) as a subset encompassed within the broader concept of OEPr. 
  
            OEP are sometimes referred to as open teaching (Couros, 2010; Nascimbeni & Burgos, 2016) and are defined by teaching and learning habits, facilitation and support by open educators, the making or using OER, engaging students in creating OER, and the sharing of accessible professional materials (Cronin, 2017; Farrow, 2017; Tietjen & Asino, 2021). As shared by McAndrew and Farrow (2013), the International Council for Open and Distance Education declares OEP to include the creation, use and repurposing of quality OER that is supported by institutional policies. Veletsianos (2015) distinguished between OEP licensing and OEP sharing cultures relating to making artifacts or activities to engage with others. Alternatively, Bali et al., (2020) analyzed ways that processes in applying OEP might be thought of as being socially just (see Figure 6)
            Werth and Williams (2022) contributed a value-laden framework to conceptions of OEP since education is a value-laden enterprise. Values such as transparency, sharing, personalizing learning, learner empowerment, deconstruction of traditional power structures, and collaborative knowledge construction were associated with open design, content, assessment, and OER-enabled pedagogies (Werth & Williams, 2022; Wiley & Hilton, 2018). Interestingly, Tietjen and Asino (2021) contended that definitions of OEP were devoid of any consideration or inclusion of conversations about pedagogy.
  
            Open pedagogy is further defined as a:

  site of praxis, a place where theories about learning, teaching, technology, and social justice enter into a conversation with each other and inform the development of educational practices and structures. This site is dynamic, contested, constantly under revision, and resists static definitional claims. But it is not a site vacant of meaning or political conviction (Jhangiani & DeRosa, 2018). 

  This definition suggested an evolving understanding of what open pedagogy means and pointed toward the praxis/practices in education that enable openness which included a social justice perspective (Bali et al., 2020) as seen in Figure 6. In this way, pedagogy moved beyond the collection or distribution of educational 'stuff' and shifted toward an orientation, a "quality held by educators themselves" and a description of an educational identity (Tur et al., 2020, p. 4).
  
            Hegarty (2015) explored open pedagogies by applying eight attributes - learner generated, connected community, peer review, participatory technology, innovation and creativity, sharing ideas and resources, people openness and trust, and reflective practice. These attributes relied on digital tools and resources but also enveloped the skills and attitudes of educators and learners (Hegarty, 2015). Notions of open pedagogies brought forward a high degree of sharing and authentic, agentic action into learning spaces, but relied on learner self-regulation and learning needs (Hegarty, 2015). Educators who enacted open pedagogies provided openly accessible, openly managed, socially engaging, experiential, and scaffolded learning events and assets as co-facilitators and catalysts for learning (Ehlers, 2011; Hegarty, 2015). In considering OEP as a learning design process Roberts (2022) applied Hegarty's OEP attributes to suggest pathways and interventions as supports for a continually reflective teaching practice that brought a deeper understanding of OEP in practice.
  
            An OEP framework developed by Tietjen and Asino (2021) provided five elements that connected to this dissertation research. First, OEP was viewed as poly-vocal, seeking and thriving on a diversity of cultural voices within knowledge-building networks. Second, OEP emphasized a participatory culture, accepting contributions from around the world and where learners contribute to global knowledge. Third, OEP used and applied a common and open licensing system to contribute to the learning of others. Fourth, OEP connected to external, non-traditional and informal learning spaces. Fifth, OEP encouraged collaboration by structuring communities of practice since this was viewed as a means to support others through crises situations (Tietjen & Asino, 2021). Many of these elements emerged from within the lived experiences of the participants in this research.
  
            Paskevicius and Irvine (2019) applied structuration theory to their investigation into the OEP of higher education in British Columbia, finding  approaches to openness were influenced by the selection of source materials, the compilation of found and created resources, and the use of open tools and resources to communicate and share openly. The three approaches included the explorations of OER, designing materials and artefacts with openness in mind, and a focus on open publications of scholarly work. They discovered a diverse arrangement of openness along a continuum from closed access without open design to shared and created with open design (Paskevicius & Irvine, 2019). Challenges and issues included a lack of time, lack of program-wide integration planning, and the need for clear “delineation of boundaries for terminology so that the semantics around access and pedagogical strategies are clear” (Paskevicius & Irvine, 2019, p. 17). These findings supported my research as there may be similarities or differences within the lived experiences of open pedagogical practices of TEds in Canadian FoE.