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• 1 2020-04-15T15:51:40+00:00 Open Education 18 This is a page in the literature review but also a stand alone description of open education concepts and frameworks. plain 91 2020-05-04T20:47:04+00:00      Open education includes the "simple and powerful idea that the world’s knowledge is a public good and that technology in general and the Web in particular provide an extraordinary opportunity for everyone to share, use, and reuse knowledge” (Geser, 2012). Openly available technologies, education and scholarship are a “shared enterprise, a communal act” (Blomgren, 2018, p. 64). From this vision, Wiley & Hilton's (2018) conception for the integration and application of the five R’s of reuse, revision, remixing, retention, and redistributing resources within pedagogical practices foundational to my research. The following conceptualization of open education frames my work.

  Open education is a way of carrying out education, often using digital technologies. Its aim is to widen access and participation to everyone by removing barriers and making learning accessible, abundant, and customisable for all. It offers multiple ways of teaching and learning, building and sharing knowledge. It also provides a variety of access routes to formal and non-formal education, and connects the two (Inamorato dos Santos, 2019, p. 6).

  This definition is framed in the UNESCO document Opening Up Education where a ten-dimensional framework outlines six core dimensions (access, content, pedagogy, recognition, collaboration, and research) supported by four transversal dimensions (strategy, technology, quality, and leadership) (Inamorato dos Santos et al., 2016). This framework is helpful in understanding the construct of open education.
       Stories abound in the field of open education - #101OpenStories. Open education predates digital technologies (Noddings & Enright, 1983). Open education is not constrained or limited to digital resource production, digitally enabled teaching and learning, or electronic distribution of learning materials. For this research, digital is a primary component of open education. Cronin and MacLaren (2018) posit the extensive reach of open education conceptions to describe "not just policy, practices, resources, curricula and pedagogy, but also the values inherent within these, as well as relationships between teachers and learners" (p. 217). That being said, there are many conceptions, definitions, and visions for open education in relation to:
  1. open educational resources (Bayne et al., 2015; Rolfe, 2012; Weller, 2014);
  2. open scholarship (Stewart, 2015; Veletsianos, 2015; Weller, 2016);
  3. the open education movement (Alevizou, 2015; Couros, 2006; Farrow, 2016; Rolfe, 2017);
  4. open pedagogies (Armellini & Nie, 2013; Hegarty, 2015, Paskevicius & Irvine, 2019, Wiley & Hilton, 2018); and
  5. open education practices (Couros, 2010; Cronin & MacLaren, 2018, Paskevicius, 2017; Roberts et al.,, 2018; Roberts, 2019; Stagg, 2017).
  While the dominant research discourse focuses on open education resources, my research will focus on the transformative potential of OEPr, which is underrepresented in scholarly work, particularly in the field of education, (Cronin & MacLaren, 2018; Nascimbeni, 2018; Paskevicius, 2018; Roberts, 2019, Tur et al., 2020). This graphic sketchnote may illuminate some of the key elements found in open educational contexts.
  
  For clarification, I differentiate between open education practices using OEPr, rather than the usually applied acronym OEP which is commonly applied to both open pedagogies and open practices. In this way I hope to add to the evolution of this term and provide clarity in naming this concept. I will next define OER, explore a framework for open pedagogy, and elaborate on conceptions of OEPr.