Digital Ethnography
1 2020-02-22T16:44:43+00:00 hjdewaard c6c8628c72182a103f1a39a3b1e6de4bc774ea06 1 2 Definition and conceptualization about this methodology plain 2020-05-02T14:41:12+00:00 hjdewaard c6c8628c72182a103f1a39a3b1e6de4bc774ea06Ethnographers face issues of disembodiment and binary participation (online/offline, virtual/in-real-life) when using digital, internet, and virtual methodologies. Field sites are fluid, non-situated, unfolding, and without boundaries (Hine, 2015; Markham, 2016). Some salient characteristics of field sites that are internet based include: a) as a means of communication, b) as chrono-malleable venue, c) as multimodal and alternative representational, and as d) linguistically and socially constructed (Markham, 2008).
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Research Colloquium
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This online course focused on reading, deconstructing, analyzing, reviewing and revising research proposals and dissertations.
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09/09/2019
Since I know there is no 'getting it right', this is my effort to define the nuance and contours of my learning in the Research Colloquium course. There are three layers to my research and scholarly experiences that I'll present as evidence of understanding of concepts, theories and issues in the Cognition and Learning field of study. These layers will influence and impact the next steps in my scholarly writing, reading, and conceptual frameworks. I gained an understanding of the variety and variations between and within dissertation documents as a representation of expertise in a field of study.“There is no such thing as ‘getting it right’ — only ‘getting it’ differently contoured and nuanced”
(Richardson, 2000 p. 930-931 as quoted by Guiney Yollop, 2008, p. 67)
First, the reader is as important as the writing. After reading over fifteen doctoral dissertations and scouring research proposals, I've determined that reading, writing, and representation can be what I want it to be, as long as I provide justification and relate an effective story. This does not mean, as a writer, that I don't have a responsibility to my audience as I create a text that "refuses to be read in simplistic, linear, incontrovertible terms" (Korteweg, 2014, p. 659). This comprehensive portfolio, while written specifically for an audience that includes my research committee, may reach beyond academic readers since it is openly shared in this web format. The reader is a primary concern as I make word choices, explore concepts, define terminology, and structure the pages, paths, tags, annotations, notes, and media that are afforded by the Scalar software. While this labyrinthian portfolio may appear to have a linear path that may feel familiar to a reader, there are rhizomes underlying the unicursal pathway, with diversions to "enliven the content, and in turn waken the techno-circuits of information to the play of reading across, down, into, and backwards" (Dixon, 2014). I incorporate, as suggested by Graff and Birkenstein (2018), a familiar structure, a suggested direction through the document, a bilingual vocabulary that is both academic and vernacular, and a meta-text woven throughout.
Connected to this layer focusing on the reader, is the notion of an alternative representation for my academic writing. While the intention and vision of an alternative representation for my dissertation has been present in my thinking since the beginning of the PhD journey, it was during the Research Colloquium course that I made a firm and conscious decision. I intend to "be a force of change in transforming the representations and dissemination of educational knowledge" (Korteweg, 2014, p. 655) as I create this comprehensive portfolio in an alternative representation (Alt-Diss) of my scholarly and academic work, using an openly accessible, digital file format, as seen here in this Scalar production. During the Research Colloquium course, I diligently researched how the Alt-Diss format fits into my ontological, epistemological, ideological, and research frameworks. Rereading Guba and Lincoln (2005) crystallized the need to "experiment with narratives that expand the range of understanding, voice, and storied variations in human experience" while reflexively interrogating and deconstructing "forms of tyranny embedded in representational practices" (p. 211), since this rings true to my beliefs and practices. I continue to explore crystallization as a research methodology since it:
While this work began in earnest during the Research Colloquium course (DeWaard, 2019, Nov 14), I continue to research and write about this #AltDiss format in the Non Linear Pathway section of this comprehensive portfolio, as this writing is a precursor to justifications, and discussions about validity and reliability."combines multiple forms of analysis and multiple genres of representation into a coherent text or series of related texts, building a rich and openly partial account of a phenomenon that problematizes its own construction, highlights researchers’ vulnerabilities and positionality, makes claims about socially constructed meanings, and reveals the indeterminacy of knowledge claims even as it makes them" (Ellingson, 2009, p. 4).
Secondly, I needed to rethink my conceptual framework for the research proposal that was a required assignment for this course. Grant and Osanloo (2014) helped clarify how my theoretical frameworks inform and shape the conceptual frameworks for my research. In DS1, I focused my efforts on phenomenology, and used this framework in my scholarly writing for grant applications, as seen in the Academic Growth Through Scholarly Tasks section of this document. When writing the draft and a skeleton of my research proposal, I continued to read and research in an effort to fully understand the unique difference between ethnography, digital ethnography, phenomenology, and phenomenography research methodologies. This work will continue as I prepare for the upcoming comprehensive portfolio, and the subsequent research proposal, and for the defence of this comprehensive portfolio.
The third contour in the Research Colloquium course explores the notion of feedback. The course had a sequence of feedback cycles built into the structure and development of the research proposal. While the course requirement was contained within the learning management system, available to only my classmates and instructor, I made a conscious choice to slip into the open, web ecosphere to seek feedback from classmates, trusted collaborators and critical friends. Using Hypothes.is as a feedback tool, I was able to get and give comments to feedback posted by others, something I continue to do with this comprehensive portfolio. I reflected on this feedback not only in terms of my PhD research work, but also in my light of my teaching practice In this way, I stepped further into visible web spaces as a researcher and scholar, re-positioning myself from periphery to active-member (Brockmann, 2011) in open educational ecospheres where scholars and researchers in the field of open education write, research, and reflect in both formal and informal discourses. This openly visible presence as an academic is further explored in the Scholarly Tasks section of this portfolio.
As a result of the Research Colloquium course, I have a draft of a research proposal that I can further revise and refine in preparation for PhD research. I have gained a greater understanding of the interwoven nature of reading and writing, particularly in an Alt-Diss format. I will further explore issues of self / identity, perspective, issues of attention, sequence, time / timeline, and context (Keats, 2009). The complexity and diversity of text formats will impact interpretation, meaning making, and understanding (Keats, 2009) within this comprehensive portfolio. In future dissertation documents, the representation of visual (alpha-numeric text, image, icon, video), auditory (voice, music), and media elements (word clouds, data visualizations, memes, sketch-notes, graphic maps), will impact the reading, writing, and feedback processes. In this Alt-Diss format, I am responding to the call to push into new ways of “challenging hegemonic conceptions regarding legitimate modes of scholarly inquiry, analysis and representation” (Literat et al., 2018, p. 566). -
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Glossary
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Definition of terms and concepts
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Here are the individual terms and concepts used throughout this comprehensive portfolio, inserted as notes and linked within pages and content.
- Alternative Dissertation format - Alt Diss
- cognitive load
- connectivism
- digital ethnography
- ethnography
- FoE - Faculty of Education
- humpomnemata
- labyrinth
- liminal / liminality
- MOOC
- open education (OE)
- open educational pedagogy (OEP)
- open educational practices (OEPr)
- open educational resources (OER)
- rhizomatics
- schema
- ubuntu
- unicursal / multicursal
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Methodology
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This is a subsection of the literature review.
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This research is situated within a socio-cultural theoretical framework (Archer, 2008; Gee, 2017). With a constructivist interpretive theoretical framework, I will conduct this research and analyze data through a methodology known as digital ethnography (Burrell, 2009; Hine, 2015; Markham, 2016; Pink, Horst, Postill, Hjorth, Lewis, & Tacchi, 2015; Pink, 2015; Postill & Pink, 2012) to explore how teacher educators experience and understand MDL and OEPr. The boundaries for this research do not exist. They will be constructed by my “philosophical, logistical, and experiential orientation” (Markham, 2016p. 7). As a digital ethnographer the internet is “a medium or tool for networked connectivity”, “a venue, place, or virtual world”, and “a way of being” (Markham, 2016, p. 7) which allows me to shift attention from fields as an object or place, to one of attending to movement, flow and process (Markham, 2016). The digital tools I use are considered both field and method for this ethnographic study (Burrell, 2009; Markham, 2016). The internet and digital technologies are central to capturing stories and reflections from teacher educators who demonstrate MDL within their OEPr, as revealed through their lived experiences as teacher educators. These stories may provide insights into collective conceptions, meanings, and categories of OEPr, and where media and digital literacies influence OEPr experiences.
Ethnographers, when using digital, internet, and virtual methodologies, face issues of disembodied and binary participation (online/offline; virtual/in-real-life) and field sites that are fluid, non-situated, unfolding, and without boundaries (Hine, 2015; Markham, 2016). These are familiar landscapes for me, where I thrive in the complexities. I acknowledge that ethnography is hindered by the partiality of results, since the parameters studied are those of interest and visible to the researcher (Hine, 2015). Digital ethnographic researchers can become distanced, as a self-preservation strategy used by both the researcher and the participants in digital interactions (Gatin, 2013). This occurs physically, contextually, and emotionally. Having a pre-existing relationship with the participants, and building conversations over time, will help bridge this distancing issue. The salient characteristics of internet based research that fit my research proposal include: a) as a means of communication, b) as chrono-malleable venue, c) as multimodal and alternative representation, and as d) linguistically and socially constructed (Markham, 2008). These characteristics will be considered elemental to conducting this digital ethnographic research.
I will apply a methodological framework called crystallization where research evidence is “best presented not in a single, unequivocal statement but as nuanced and complex if it is to “dazzle” audiences with its validity, relevance, and aesthetic merit” (Ellingson, 2014, p. 442). This methodology best fits this research for two reasons. First, crystallization “centers on understanding the research and researcher position to intimately view the process with an openness that allows discoveries to unfold that would otherwise be lost” (Stewart et al., 2017). From my position as one who is immersed in MDL in FoE experienced through an OEPr lens, I am not a “fool with a wand working the magic of illusion” but a “perceptive seer delving deeply into the mysteries with a solid belief that discovery must be rich, credible and trustworthy” (Stewart et al., 2017, p. 2) which takes time, effort, commitment and passion. With my experience in media-making, I will construct “thick and rich descriptions through multiple forms, genres and modes to embed the researcher in a reflexive process allowing them to apply their craft” (Stewart et al., 2017, p. 3).
Secondly, crystallization is “ideal for constructing portraits of everyday relating because it brings together vivid, intimate details of people’s lives shared via storytelling and art with the broader relational patterns and structures identified through social scientific analyses” (Ellingson, 2014, p. 443). Because this methodology encourages boundary spanning, the creation of multiple forms of analysis and representation, and enticing researchers to become public intellectuals (Ellingson, 2014), it is suited to the topic, questions, and foci for my research. Since participants have an openly accessible digital presence, crystallization will allow me to present publicly available information in alternate formats to maintain anonymity and enhance privacy. With crystallization as research methodology and a primary consideration in the alternative dissertation format, I will be seen to critically question the privilege of closed academic practices, the dominance of alpha/numeric representations, and the hidden openness of teacher educators.